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1878- Edison granted patent 200,521 on Feb. 19 for a phonograph using tin foil cylinders, with 2-3 min. capacity; see pictures of tin-foil phonograph.
1881 - Charles Tainter at the Volta Lab made the first lateral-cut records, but without any practical machine to play them back.
1885 - A second type of phonograph was invented by Chichester Bell and Charles Tainter; they were granted patent 341,214 on a machine that they called the "Graphophone" using wax-coated cylinders incised with vertical-cut grooves; see photos from Smithsonian and the essay Tainter and the Graphophone.
1887 - A third type of phonograph was invented by Emile Berliner; he was granted patent 372,786 for a "Gramophone" using a non-wax disc photo-engraved with a lateral-cut groove; see pictures of the three rival phonographs.
1887 - Edison filed an application Nov. 26 for patent 386,974 on an improved phonograph using a battery-powered electrical motor and wax cylinders, but neither he nor the graphophone inventors were able to mass-produce copies.
1888 - Emile Berliner demonstrated an improved gramophone May 16 at the Franklin Institute using a flat 7-inch disk with lateral-cut grooves on one side only, manually rotated at 30 rpm with 2-min. capacity; Berliner is the first to mass-produce hard rubber vulcanite copies from zinc master disk
1889 - The Columbia Phonograph Co. was organized January 15 by Edward D. Easton with rights to market a treadle-powered graphophone; however, Easton would have more success selling music rather than business machines, especially cylinders of the popular United State Marine Band under John Philip Sousa. Easton produced the first record catalog in 1890, a one-page list of Edison and Columbia cylinders
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1893 - Emile Berliner finally began to succeed with his new U. S. Gramophone Company; in 1894 he made and sold 1000 machines (some electric-powered, most hand-powered, but no spring motor yet) and 25,000 records (7-inch hard rubber discs). The Berliner Gramophone Co. was incorprated Oct. 8, 1895, and Fred Gaisberg discovered in 1896 that shellac from the Duranoid Co. was better than hard rubber for records; Frank Seaman created the National Gramophone Co. Oct. 19, 1896.
1896 - Eldridge Johnson improved the gramophone with a motor designed by Levi Montross and his own patent 601,198 filed Aug. 19, 1897, for a simple and inexpensive machine that became the first popular disc phonograph by 1900; he then merged his Consolidated Talking Machine Co. with Berliner's company to create the Victor Talking Machine Co.in 1901 with the "little nipper" dog as trademark.
1897 - shellac discs replaced vulcanite, but the typical heavy steel stylus tracking at 9 oz. caused heavy wear; with the introduction of the Eagle and Gem low-cost phonographs, strong growth in sales began of commercial cylinders and discs, mostly classical and Tin Pan Alley songs.
1898 - Valdemar Poulsen patented in Denmark the first magnetic recorder, called the "telegraphone," using steel wire; he exhibited his device at the Paris Exposition in 1900 and formed the American Telegraphone Co. in Nov. 1903 after Congress validated his American patent 661,619.
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1902 - Edison introduced "Gold Molded" cylinders for $.50 each with an improved hard wax surface and able to be mass-produced by a molding process; in Europe "Red Seal" 10-inch discs with 4-minute capacity were sold for $1.00, each featuring famous European artists, such as tenor Enrico Caruso and baritone Mattia Battistini. The first Red label records were made in Russia by Fedor Chaliapan, singer for the Imperial Opera, who recorded 10 records for Fred Gaisberg and the Gramophone Co. April 11 in Milan; Victor began to import these celebrity labels in 1903 and became the leading seller of classical music records. The 10-inch disc would quickly become more popular that the previous 7-inch standard disc that could only play for 2-3 minutes.
1903 - Eldridge Johnson began to sell the Victor IV phonograph, the first model equipped with his tapered tone arm, patent 814,786 filed Feb. 12.
1904 - The Odeon label was created in Germany by the International Talking Machine Co. to sell double-sided discs that Zonophone had pioneered in South America in 1902, based on patent 749,092 by Ademor Petit, yet it was still impossible to put an entire symphony on a single disc that could play both sides for no more than 10 minutes. HMV in England recorded in 1903 the first complete opera, Verdi's "Ernani" on 40 single-sided discs. Odeon pioneered something called the "album" in 1909 when it released the "Nutcracker Suite" by Tchaikovsky on 4 double-sided discs in a specially-designed package.
1906 - Columbia announced in July the Velvet-Tone thin and flexible laminated shellac record with paper core, following the proposal of Marconi who had visited the Bridgeport plant of the American Graphophone Company. This record had less surface noise than regular shellac records.
1906 - Victor introduced the first all-enclosed cabinet phonograph that by 1907 was being widely advertised as the "Victrola" upright with enclosed tapered horn; Victor would spend $50,000,000 on print advertsing and $17,000,000 on catalogs and brochures by 1929, creating the generic name victrola that is applied to all phonograph players designed as furniture.
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1907 - The Dictaphone Corporation was organized when the Columbia Graphophone Co. sold its business machine division
1908 - John Lomax, on his first trip west, recorded a black saloon keeper in San Antonio singing "Home on the Range" on an Edison cylinder and the lyrics were written down and published in the book "Cowboy Songs and Frontier Ballads" by Lomax in 1910 and the song became a national favorite; Lomax and his son Alan would record 10,000 songs for the Library of Congress Archive of the American Folk Song.
1910 - John McCormack signed his recording contract with the Victor Co. that would result in hundreds of recordings made over the next 20 years.
1912 - Edison introduced celluloid blue Amberol cylinders that played for 4 minutes. When played with a diamond stylus, the new cylinder had low surface noise that resulted in higher acoustic quality than flat discs.
1913 - Edison finally conceded victory to the flat disc when he began to sell the Diamond-Disc players and recordings. The Diamond discs had a surface of Condensite plastic laminated to a solid core and a thickness of 1/4 inch. Condensite was a resin plastic like Bakelite, the first artificial plastic patented in 1909 by Leo Baekeland. The players used the same Diamond Point Reproducer used in the Blue Amberols but tracked at heavier force. - pictures of the Diamond Disc phonographs
1914 - ASCAP founded to enforce 1909 Copyright Act.
1915 - U.S. Navy seized Telefunken radio station at Sayville, Long Island, that was using Telegraphone wire recorders to send high speed transmissions to Germany.
1915 - Edison suggested in 1915 that the U.S. create a Naval Research Laboratory - picture of Edison sculpted from life.
1916 - Theodore Case founded his Case Research Laboratory in Ohio to develop a sound-on-film recording system for motion pictures to compete with Edison's sound-on-cylinder system
1917 - Over There recording written by George M. Cohan, performed by Billy Murray. "Written in 1917 and introduced by the famous singer Nora Bayes, this World War I hit became the anthem for America's war effort." (from Library of Congress)
1918 - first wartime actuality sound recording of gas shell bombardment
1918 - Poulsen's 1898 Denmark patent expired; Germany developed improvements to the wire telegraphone - picture
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1919 - Gennett Record Company in Indiana began to make lateral-cut records and was sued by Victor. Smaller labels such as Okeh, Vocalian, Compo joined Gennett in defending its claim that lateral-cut was in the public domain. Gennett won case 1921 before Judge Learned Hand and won appeal 1922 before Judge Augustus Hand, cousin of Learned. Gennett became one of the largest record producers in the nation, releasing some of the earliest jazz records of Jelly Roll Morton and opened the gates for smaller independent companies to record their own records.
1920 - David Sarnoff in January proposed in a 28-page memo the "Sales of Radio Music Box for Entertainment Purposes" and led RCA into cross-licensing patents with AT&T and Westinghouse and to leadership in the broadcasting and recording industries by the end of the decade.
1920 - KDKA in Pittsburg inaugurated commercial radio when it was the first radio station to receive its commercial call letters from the Dept. of Commerce Oct. 27; it began regular scheduled broadcasting Nov. 2 with the returns of the presidential election, and continued broadcasting every evening from 8:30-9:30 pm.
1921 - Public address amplifiers and speakers developed by AT&T since 1916 are used at the Armistice Day ceremonies at the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier in Arlington Cemetery.
1921 - majority record sales began decline from $106 million high due to growth of live radio, but new kinds of minority music become popular
1923 - Bessie Smith's first record "Down-Hearted Blues" was an important landmark on The Blue Highway
1923 - New York's WHN broadcast of the first big band of the Jazz Age led by Fletcher Henderson
1923 - Fiddlin' John Carson's Little Old Log Cabin in the Lane became the first hit country record
 from Judy MacDonald |
1926 - Bing Crosby recorded his first record "I've Got the Girl" with an old carbon mic; hired by Paul Whiteman to sing with Harry Barris and Al Rinker as "The Rhythm Boys" and began to use the new microphones developed by Bell Labs that encouraged the "crooner" sound when held close to the singer's mouth; see Der Bingle Technology
1927 - Nashville's WSM started Grand Ole Opry
1927 - Carl Sandburg published the American Songbook
1929 - Paul Whiteman's Old Gold Special was the first national promotional road show
Electric Era Replaces Acoustic
Era - see pictures and articles
 Electrical Era pictures |
1925 - Warner Bros. joined Walter J. Rich to create the Vitaphone Co. and in October began making experimental sound pictures in the Warner Vitagraph studio in Brooklyn.
1926 - Vitaphone Co. signed a contract April 20 with AT&T to develop sound pictures using the electrical recording system of Western Electric, using 16-inch acetate-coated shellac discs at 33 1/3 rpm in synch with film reel by electric motors; Warner Bros. moved the Vitaphone studio to the Manhattan Opera House in May and made some short subject musical films such as Volga Boatman on May 24 before releasing on Aug. 6 the first full-length film, Don Juan, with sound recorded for the musical scenes.
1926 - Charles Brush sold the first piezo-electric featherweight stylus.
1927 - On Jan. 1, Western Electric created Electrical Research Products, Inc. (ERPI) to license motion picture technology to the motion picture producers and exhibitors; Fox had acquired a Western Electric license in Dec. 1926 to use the AT&T electrical sound system in ts theaters to show Fox Movietone newsreels made with the rival sound-on-film method, starting Apr. 20 with marching West Point cadets;
 from Neumann History |
1927 - Automatic Music Instrument Co. of Grand Rapids (AMI) introduced the all-electric coin-operated phonograph, the "juke box," to replace coin-operated pianos, but few built before 1934.
1928 - Georg Neumann started his microphone company in Berlin and began production of the CMV3 "Neumann Bottle" condenser microphone.
1928 - John Baird in England develops an early form of mechanical television and records on Phonovision wax discs but Vladimir Zworykin in the U.S. and Manfred von Ardenne in Germany were perfecting the cathode ray tube for electronic television by 1929.
1929 - RCA began making "transcription" discs of vinyl "Vitrolac" from optical soundtracks for radio stations to play on the air; Magnavox developed the hum-bucking coil that reduced loudspeaker hum; final production of Edison cylinders and discs; merger of RCA and Victor.
1930 - Bing Crosby recorded his first solo "I Surrender, Dear" and became the nation's most famous crooner; signed by Bill Paley to CBS in 1931 and sponsored by G.W. Hill's Cremo Cigars; more radio stations began to play records of all kinds.
1931 - Alan Blumlein patented the "binaural" (stereo) recording method in England.
1931 - RCA tried to market coarse groove discs of "Vitrolac" vinyl plastic that ran at 331/3 rpm "professional" speed, but it failed to replace popular 78 rpm consumer speed; however, the professional transcription disc coated with cellulose acetate remained the standard transcription disc for radio station recording until magnetic tape was adopted in 1948.
1931 - Empire State Building opened May 31 in NYC with music piped into its elevators, lobbies, observatories.
1931 - EMI studio opened Nov. 12 at Abbey Road in London, was the largest sound recording studio in the world; Louis Sterling hired Alan Blumlein to install Blumlein's own electrical recording system and Sterling stopped paying royalties to Western Electric.
Music for the Masses
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1934 - first U.S. advertisement for "High Fidelity" records; Duo Junior record player attachment for radios sold for $16.50
1934 - Rock-Ola, Seeburg, Wurlitzer introduced multiple-selection nickel jukeboxes; number installed in U.S. increased from 25,000 to 300,000 by 1939; Bing Crosby became #1 selection, spurring sales of his 35-cent Decca label songs
1934 - Signal Corps General George Squier founded Muzak to sell recorded music to homes in Cleveland for $1.50 per month on 3 channels
1934 - Swing music began in December with Benny Goodman on NBC's Let's Dance
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1935 - New York's WNEW is first music and news radio station; Martin Block was one of the first disc jockeys in his Make Believe Ballroom and earned $500,000
1935 - Elvis Presley was born January 8 and died in 1977 after selling 41 million albums, recording 107 Top-40 hit songs, making 33 movies, and shook hands with President Richard Nixon (photo at right of meeting 12/21/71) However, Bing Crosby who also died in 1977 recorded 1600 hit songs, sold 500 million records, made 61 movies, but probably never shook Nixon's hand.
1942 - Armed Forces Radio Service created to distribute programs to soldiers overseas. By January 1946, 1030 vinylite 16-inch transcription discs of 8240 popular and classical songs had been produced as part of the Basic Music Library for the AFRS.
Magnetic Tape Recording Invented
1928 - Dr. Fritz Pfleumer patent in Germany for application of magnetic powders to strip of paper or film
1932 - BASF of I.G. Farben joined with AEG of Telefunken to develop magnetic tape recording using Pfleumer patent
1935 - first public demonstration of BASF/AEG "Magnetophone" at Berlin Radio Fair
1936 - first BASF/AEG tape recording on Nov.19 of live concert by Sir Thomas Beecham
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1939 - independent invention of the wire recorder in U.S. by Marvin Camras at Armour Research Foundation and sold to military during World War II; wire recorders such as the Webster pictured at right were popular with amateurs until the late 1950s
1940 - David Sarnoff of RCA installed first secret recording devices in the White House for 11 weeks, from June to October, using the same optical Phonofilm method used in RKO films
1944 - 3M Co. (Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing) began tape
coating experiments in U.S. under Dr. Wilfred Wetzel for the Brush
Development Co. - see The Magic of Magnetic Tape by Don Rushin
Tape Recording Comes to America
1945 - Signal Corps Captain John Mullin found magnetophones at Radio Frankfurt in Germany and 1000-meter reels of 1/2-inch ferric-coated BASF tape with 20-min capacity; 2 machines mailed to U.S. along with 50 reels of tape
1946 - Mullin demonstrated magnetophones at San Francisco Institute of Radio Engineers on May 16, and Harold Lindsay told Ampex boss Alexander M. Poniatoff who began work on developing a U.S.-made magnetic tape recorder
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1948 - 1st U.S.-made Ampex Model 200 tape recorders arrived for Crosby show #27 along with 3M Scotch 111 gamma ferric oxide coated acetate tape
1948 - Columbia introduced on June 21 the first 12-inch 33-1/3 rpm micro-groove LP vinylite record with 23-minute per side capacity, developed by Peter Goldmark in 1947, using players made by Philco
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1951 - war of the speeds ended as Victor sold LPs and Columbia sold 45s
1947 - Big 6 record companies control majority industry: Columbia, Victor, Decca, Capitol, MGM, Mercury; but teenagers rejected majority music style
1947 - Roy Brown records first rock and roll song Good Rocking Tonight on DeLuxe label (although name common in early blues recordings such as Trixie Smith's 1922 My Man Rocks Me With One Steady Roll)
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1952 - Alan Freed starts Moondog's Rock and Roll Party in Cleveland after visit to Leo Mintz's record store
1953 - Bill Haley records first national rock hit Crazy Man Crazy on Essex label
1954 - Bill Haley records rhythmic Shake, Rattle and Roll and Rock Around the Clock on Decca
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1948 - Magnecord sold the first open reel stereo tape recorder- see tape recorder ads
1949 - Frank H. McIntosh and Gordon J. Gow sell the first McIntosh 50W1 Unity Coupled Amplifier, producing 50 watts at less than 1% distortion from 20 Hz to 20,000Hz.
1951 - Stefan Kudelski built the first Nagra portable, self-contained audio recorder.
1952 - Henry Kloss and Edgar Villchur at Acoustic Research produced the AR-1, the first acoustic suspension loudspeaker. 1954 - RCA Victor sold the first prerecorded open reel stereo tapes for $12.95.
1954 - Regency TR-1, first transistor portable radio introduced by I.D.E.A. Co. of Indianapolis - see note on the
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1956 - The Chrysler Imperial 16-2/3 rpm record player with 7-inch ultramicrogroove records developed by Peter Goldmark.
1958 - world standard for stereo records established, based on Blumlein's 1931 patent, and first stereo LPs sold; new generation of Hi-Fi components adopt stereo.
 from Koss Museum) |
1963 - Philips demonstrated its first compact audio cassette using high-quality BASF polyester 1/8-inch tape that ran at 1-7/8 ips; sold the next year in the U.S. with the Norelco Carry-Corder dictation machine, but the demand for blank tape used for personal music recording was unanticipated by Philips.
1966 - U.S. cars equipped with 8-track stereo cartridge tape players developed by William Lear (who founded the Learjet aviation company in 1962), Ampex, and RCA.
1969 - Dolby Noise Reduction introduced for pre-recorded tapes.
Video Tape Recording
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1951 - Ampex team led by Charles Ginsburg began work on VTR in October; Bing Crosby Enterprises demonstrated an experimental 12-head VTR at 100 ips
1953 - Vladimir K. Zworykin and RCA Labs demonstrated Dec. 1 a longitudinal VTR running very fast at 360 ips over 3 heads with AM sound
1956 - Ampex demonstrate first practical quadraplex VTR at Chicago NAB show April 14, using 2-inch wide 3M tape at 15 ips over rotating head assembly recording at a slant on tape surface with AM sound; over next 4 years sold 600 units at $75,000 each, mostly to big network stations
1956 - CBS broadcast the first network television show with videotape Nov. 30, Douglas Edwards and the News, for West Coast delayed broadcast
1957 - Ampex and RCA pool patents to develop compatible color and B&W VTR
1959 - first mobile Ampex VTR unit
Japanese Introduce Helical Scan
1959 - Toshiba in September demonstrated prototype helical scan model VTR-1, with 2-inch tape running at 15 ips over just one head. After the demonstration, Sony began to develop the helical scan VTR.
1960 - Ampex shared VTR patents with Sony and Sony shared transistorized circuitry with Ampex.
1961 - JVC (founded as the American-owned Victor Co. of Japan in 1946, but owned by Matsushita since 1953) demonstrated helical scan color VTR with 2 heads.
1961 - Sony marketed helical scan VTR, the PV100, adopted by American Airlines in 1964 for in-flight movies; Ampex sues Sony in 1966.
1963 - Sony marketed first home VTR for $995, open reel 1/2-inch helical scan deck.
1964 - Ampex joined with Toshiba to market U.S.-designed VTRs in Japan.
1965 - Sony introduced first consumer 1/2-inch format helical scan VTR and priced under $3000.
1967 - In March, the Ampex HS-100 color video magnetic disc recorder is used for rapid playback in normal, slow, or stop action, at the "World Series of Skiing" in Vail, Colorado, marking the beginning of "instant replay" on commercial television.
1968 - CBS introduced EVR using film in a cassette; 20th Century Fox agreed to sell movies in EVR; but the format faced growing competition by 1972 from videocassette formats introduced by RCA, Sony, Ampex and Avco, all seeking to develop a new consumer market for home VCRs.
1969 - RCA demonstrated SelectaVision that played pre-recorded cassettes but did not record.
1969 - Sony introduced first videocassette, the 3/4-inch U-Matic one-hour tape, available in U.S. by 1971. For the first time, Sony allowed other manufacturers to sell machines that could play the cassette, and thus succeeded in establishing a world standard for the 3/4-inch videocassette.
1970 - Ampex introduced the Instavision that it had developed with Toshiba; N.V. Philips introduced its own cartridge VCR format in Europe; AVCO introduced the solid state compact Cartrivision VCR
1972 - Phillips demonstrated a laserdisc playback-only deck.
1972 - Sears and Wards sold CartriVision, but too many competing VCR formats caused all to fail by 1973.
Betamax Battles
1975 - Sony introduced in November in the U.S. the Betamax consumer VCR (console only) for $2295 with one-hour 1/2-inch tape cassettes for $15.95. Sony sought to created a standardized format, as it had done with the U-matic in 1969, by getting 7 other companies to agree to produce machines that would play the Beta cassettes.
1976 - JVC introduced in October in Japan the VHS format VCR for $885.
1976 - Sony introduced a Betamax VCR deck for $1300 and began aggressive advertising claiming that it can actually videotape something off one channel while you're watching another channel and build a library of your favorite shows; MCA/Universal and Disney filed lawsuit finally won by Sony in 1984.
1977 - RCA announced in March it would sell VHS with 4-hour tapes.
1978 - Pioneer developed the LaserDisc that was first used by General Motors to train Cadillac salesmen. Pioneer began selling home LaserDisc players in 1980.
1979 - Sony introduced Betascan in April; allowed visible picture while fast-forwarding.
1979 - Sony introduced the TPS-L2 Walkman portable audio cassette player, inaugurating a new era of personal music listening; the Sony family of portable personal music players would grow to include over 500 models, from the original pocket-sized 14-oz Walkman to the D-88 Pocket DiscMan of 1988 to the DAT Walkman TCD-D3 of 1991 to the MiniDisc of 1992 to the digital Discman of 1999; in the 20-year history of the Walkman devices, 100 million units were sold creating a $1 billion industry. By 1983, more pre-recorded audio cassettes (236 million) were sold than LPs, a decline in the big vinyl discs that was accelerated in the 1980s by the compact disc digital revolution.
1980 - Sony introduced first consumer video camcorder.
1983 - Sony introduced the Beta HiFi VCR with high-quality FM sound.
1985 - Sony introduced the 8-mm format in April; the VHS group, led by JVC, brought out a compact version of VHS, known as VHS-C, but it only recorded for 20 minutes.
1988 - Super-VHS video format equalled 8-mm in picture quality but not in sound quality.
1989 - Sony introduced the Hi8 video format and the Sony CCD-V99 camcorder.
Digital Revolution - see expanded outline
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1985 - Sony and Philips produced the standard for Compact Disc Read Only Memory (CD-ROM) computer discs that would use the same laser technology as the audio CD.
1987 - Digital Audio Tape (DAT) players introduced
1988 - for the first time, CD sales surpassed LP sales, leaving CD and cassette as the two dominant consumer formats; more than 1/2 of TV households own a VCR; the first transatlantic fiber-optic cable carried up to 37,000 telephone transmissions and began to replace satellites for telephone communication.
1994 - Global Big 6 control $30 billion record industry: Philips (owns Polygram, A&M, Mercury, Island), Sony (owns CBS Records), Matsushita (owns MCA, Geffen), Thorn-EMI (owns Capitol, Virgin), Time Warner, and Bertelsmann (owns RCA Records)
1995 - In December the format for DVD-Video and DVD-ROM was established.
1997 - MP3.com was founded in November by Michael Robertson
1998 - The Last Broadcast premiered Oct. 19 as "the first desktop feature film" produced and exhibited digitally, co-sponsored by Texas Instruments using its DLP digital cinema projector.
1999 - TiVo and Philips announced March 31 in a press release shipments of "the first personal TV system."
Braun, Ernest and Stuart Macdonald. Revolution in Miniature: the History and Impact of Semiconductor Electronics. NY: Cambridge Uuniversity Press, 1978.
Brylawski, Samuel. "Armed Forces Radio Service; The Invisible Highway Abroad" in Iris Newsom, ed., Wonderful Inventions; Motion Pictures, Broadcasting, and Recorded Sound at the Library of Congress. Washington, 1985.
Camras, Marvin, ed.. Magnetic Tape Recording. New York, 1985.
Chase, Gilbert. America's Music, from the Pilgrims to the Present. New York, 1955, 1966, 3rd edition 1988 includes a discographical essay by William Brooks, revised edition 1992. This book has long been a standard history of American music.
Eberly, Phil. Music In the Air: America's Changing Tastes in Popular Music, 1920-1980. New York, 1982, is good history of popular music on radio.
Clark, Ronald W. Edison, the Man Who Made the Future. NY: Putnam's, 1977.
Frow, George. The Edison Disc Phonographs and the Diamond Discs: a History with Illustrations. Great Britain, 1982.
Gillett, Charlie. Sound of the City: The Rise of Rock n Roll. New York, 1970, Dell paperback 1972, explains rock as a product of urban culture.
Goldmark, Peter C. Maverick Inventor: My Turbulent Years at CBS. NY: Saturday Review Press, 1973.
Hurst, Jack. Grand Ole Opry. New York, 197,. is mostly a picture book but explains the importance of country music.
Jehl, Francis. Reminiscences. Edison Institute, 1936.
Josephson, Matthew. Edison, A Biography. New York, 1959. is a classic study of Edison as inventor and industrialist.
Koenigsberg, Allen. The Patent History of the Phonograph,1877-1912.Brooklyn, NY: APM Press, 1990, with introduction by Ray Wile, lists 2,118 patents and 1,013 inventors and 101 illustrations, and Edison Cylinder Records, 1889-1912, with an Illustrated History of the Phonograph. New York, 1969, both available from allenamet
Lyons, Nick. The Sony Vision. New York: Crown Publishers, 1976.
Marlow, Eugene and Eugene Secunda. Shifting Time and Space: the Story of Videotape. New York: Praeger, 1991.
Marty, Daniel (translation by Douglas Tubbs). The Illustrated History of Phonographs. New York, 1981.
Millard, A. J. America on Record: A History of Recorded Sound. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1995.
Morita, Akio with Edwin M. Reingold and Mitsuko Shimomura. Made in Japan: Akio Morita and Sony. New York: Dutton, 1986.
Mullin, John T. "Creating the Craft of Tape Recording" in High Fidelity, April, 1976.
Nmungwun, Aaron Foisi. Video Recording Technology: its impact on media and home entertainment. Hillsdale, N.J.: L. Erlbaum Associates, 1989.
Osterholm, J. Roger. Bing Crosby: a Bio-Bibliography. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1994.
Pugh, Emerson W. Building IBM : Shaping an Industry and Its Technology. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1995.
Read, Oliver and Walter Welch. From Tin Foil to Stereo: Evolution of the Phonograph. Indianapolis, 1959, 2nd edition 1976, is one of the most detailed histories of the phonograph.
Ryan, Milo. History in Sound: A Descriptive Listing of the KIRO-CBS Collection of Broadcasts of the World War II Years and After in the Phonoarchive of the University of Washington, Seattle, 1963.
Schiffer, Michael B. The Portable Radio in American Life. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1991, lacks notes but argues persuasively that the portable radio was a U.S. innovation from the 1920's, not a Japanese invention.
Shepherd, Don. Bing Crosby: The Hollow Man. New York, 198,. is a critical biography of the first crooner.
Smart, James. A Wonderful Invention: A Brief History of the Phonograph from Tinfoil to the LP: an Exhibition in the Great Hall of the Library of Congress in Celebration of the 100th Anniversary of the Invention of the Phonograph. Washington: Library of Congress, 1977.
Sobel, Robert. I.B.M., Colossus in Transition. New York: Times Books, 1981.
Vanderbilt, Byron M. Thomas Edison, Chemist. Washington, D.C.: American Chemical Society, 1971.
Watson, Thomas J. and Peter Petre. Father, Son & Co.: My Life at IBM and Beyond. New York: Bantam Books, 1990.
Welch, Walter L. and Leah B. S. Burt. From Tinfoil to Stereo: the Acoustic Years of the Recording Industry, 1877-1929. University Press of Florida, 1994.
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Référence: http://ac.acusd.edu/History/recording/notes.html
